Analysis - local employment cross tabs

The first research question is to analyze the factors that play into whether an individual has meaningful employment within their high school county, EDR, research region, and Minnesota at time X.

There are three “times” in which we checked to see if the individual had meaningful employment within these geographies;

the same year as graduation
two years after graduation, and
seven years after graduation.

Meaningful employment is determined by whether an individual worked 1,000 hours for an employer during time X. In addition, if the individual is working for an employer but not meaningful at time X but worked 1,000 hours for that employer during another year it’s still considered “meaningful”.

Due to time x potentially being passed the date of the latest data (2019) for some individuals, the analysis below will filter out all individuals where time x is after 2019.

From the multiple correspondence analysis and the principle component analysis we determined that the following independent variables will be included in the analysis, although I’m no including the CTE.# ones yet;

## $LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $pseo.participant
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $non.english.home
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $RaceEthnicity
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $Dem_Desc
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $edr
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $took.ACT
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $ap.exam
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $cte.achievement
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $english.learner
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $attended.ps
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $ps.grad
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $ps.grad.InstitutionSector
## [1] "factor"
## 
## $highest.cred.level
## [1] "character"
## 
## $total.cte.courses.taken
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.0
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.1
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.2
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.3
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.4
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.5
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.6
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.7
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.8
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.9
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.10
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.11
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.12
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.14
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.21
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.22
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.23
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.24
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.25
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $cte.26
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $avg.cte.intensity
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $MCA.M
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $MCA.R
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $MCA.S
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $avg.unemp.rate
## [1] "numeric"
## 
## $avg.wages.pct.state
## [1] "numeric"

Steps in analysis

Our dependent variable - the individual has meaningful employment in same location X as their high school - has 4 different outcomes.

Location match: the individual has
- a MN employment record at time X
- has meaningful employment at time X
- is employed in the same location X as their high school.
No location match: the individual has
- a MN employment record at time X
- has meaningful employment at time X
- does NOT have employment in the same location X as their high school.
No meaningful emp: the individual has
- a MN employment record at time X
- the employment is not meaningful at time X.
No MN emp record: the individual has
- NO MN employment record at time X.

Since we are most interested in whether an individual has meaningful employment in region X at time X we will create two groups; 1. all individuals that meet the criteria/outcome 1 from list above, and 2. all remaining individuals.

For each time X we will analyze whether the independent variables differ significantly on whether an individual has a MN employment record AND has meaningful employment AND the meaningful employment is in the same region X as their high school.

The structure of the analysis will look like this;

Location match - county through region
- For each region x
  - Summary chart
- Cross tabs For each time x (grad year, grad year +2, grad year +7)
  - Demographic variables
  - HS characteristic variables
  - HS enrollment variables
  - HS accomplishments
  - Post secondary (only gor grad year +2 and grad year +7)

For categorical variables I’ll be using the Cramer’s v-square measure of association. The V^2 value is from 0 to 1 with 0 meaning there’s no association and a value closer to 1 indicates a strong association.

For the variables with continuous values I’ll be using the Wilcoxon two paired groups test. P-value will be used to determine whether we can reject the NULL hypothesis at a .01 level. I’ll also include boxplots to see in which direction there might be influence from the variables.

Location match - county

Summary chart

The chart below provides the percentage of individuals in the dataset that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of their graduation, graduation year +2, and graduation year +7. The percentage of individuals does increase with each subsequent time X - 12.4% the year of gradation, 17.4% two years after graduation, and 20% seven years after graduation.

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year

Now let’s examine whether there are any relationships between these individuals and the independent variables.

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.068, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of black individuals (16.6%) had meaningful employment in their high school county compared to AI, Asian/PI and White individuals.
A larger observed number of Black individuals had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 124 individuals vs. 93 expected.
A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (19.9%) had meaningful employment in their high school county compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 549 observed vs. 341 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`County match`	RaceEthnicity						Total
`County match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	Unknown	White	Total
Match	52 49 13 %	132 132 12.4 %	124 93 16.6 %	549 341 19.9 %	3 5 7.5 %	3860 4100 11.6 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	347 350 87 %	935 935 87.6 %	624 655 83.4 %	2208 2416 80.1 %	37 35 92.5 %	29283 29043 88.4 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	399 399 100 %	1067 1067 100 %	748 748 100 %	2757 2757 100 %	40 40 100 %	33143 33143 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=173.956 · df=5 · Cramer’s V=0.068 · p=0.000

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.053, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from entirely rural high schools had a significantly lower proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 8.6% compared to 11.1% in urban/town/rural mix and 13.4% in town/rural mix.
Individuals from entirely rural high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 476 observed vs. 684 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value however is only 0.050, indicating the associations are weak. Highlights in the table include;

EDR 6W had the lowest proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation - 9.7% compared to 12% in EDR 8 and 14.2% in EDR 6E.
EDR 6W had a significantly lower number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation - 714 observed vs. 911 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: The p-value does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and the average unemployment rate in that county. It states that as unemployment increases, the likliness of having “match” increases as well.

avg.wages.pct.state: The Wilcoxon test p-value indicates a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and the average wages in the high school county as a percent of the state average wages. The boxplots show that counties with a higher percentage equaled a higher liklihood of their being a county match in employment.

avg.cte.intensity: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school and the average CTE intensity at their high school. The boxplots show that individuals that did have meaninful employment the year of graduation went to a high school with an average cte intensity that was slightly higher.

Dem_Desc

Test
`County match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`County match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	476 684 8.6 %	3575 3293 13.4 %	669 743 11.1 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	5055 4847 91.4 %	23043 23325 86.6 %	5336 5262 88.9 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	5531 5531 100 %	26618 26618 100 %	6005 6005 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=108.284 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.053 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`County match`	edr			Total
`County match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	1985 1725 14.2 %	714 911 9.7 %	2021 2084 12 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	11956 12216 85.8 %	6650 6453 90.3 %	14828 14765 88 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	13941 13941 100 %	7364 7364 100 %	16849 16849 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=95.669 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.050 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by County match
## W = 77143988, p-value = 0.01295
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by County match
## W = 83641568, p-value = 2.263e-11
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by County match
## W = 78601308, p-value = 0.006514
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and if the individual has limited english proficiency. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .026 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that had limited english proficiency had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation - 18.1% vs. 12.2% for individuals that did not have limited english proficiency.
A significantly larger number of individuals with limited english proficiency worked in the same county as their high school than expected - 146 observed vs. 100 expected.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .088 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation - 14.5% vs. 8.4% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation - 3,608 observed vs. 3,084 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .060 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation - 18.8% vs. 11.8% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 623 observed vs. 411 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .027 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 16.1% vs. 12.2% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 333 observed vs. 256 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`County match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`County match`	N	Y	Total
Match	4574 4620 12.2 %	146 100 18.1 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	32775 32729 87.8 %	659 705 81.9 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	37349 37349 100 %	805 805 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=24.678 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.026 · p=0.000

pseo.participant

Test
`County match`	pseo.participant		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	3608 3084 14.5 %	1112 1636 8.4 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	21321 21845 85.5 %	12113 11589 91.6 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	24929 24929 100 %	13225 13225 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=292.625 · df=1 · φ=0.088 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`County match`	non.english.home		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	4097 4309 11.8 %	623 411 18.8 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	30738 30526 88.2 %	2696 2908 81.2 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	34835 34835 100 %	3319 3319 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=136.699 · df=1 · φ=0.060 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`County match`	english.learner		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	4387 4464 12.2 %	333 256 16.1 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	31700 31623 87.8 %	1734 1811 83.9 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	36087 36087 100 %	2067 2067 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=27.826 · df=1 · φ=0.027 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments variables

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .107 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 17.3% vs 9.9% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 2,197 observed vs. 1,567 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .064 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 13.3% vs 7.5% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 4,271 observed vs. 3,976 expected.

total.cte.coureses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplots show that individuals who worked in the same county as their high school the year they graduated took a higher number of CTE courses in high school.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .074 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 14.7% vs. 11.6% for CTE participant and 8.7% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 2,630 observed vs. 2,211 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school the year of graduation.

took.ACT

Test
`County match`	took.ACT		Total
`County match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2197 1567 17.3 %	2523 3153 9.9 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	10469 11099 82.7 %	22965 22335 90.1 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	12666 12666 100 %	25488 25488 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=432.159 · df=1 · φ=0.107 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`County match`	ap.exam		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	4271 3976 13.3 %	449 744 7.5 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	27872 28167 86.7 %	5562 5267 92.5 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	32143 32143 100 %	6011 6011 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=157.577 · df=1 · φ=0.064 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by County match
## W = 93127782, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`County match`	cte.achievement			Total
`County match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	2630 2211 14.7 %	1304 1389 11.6 %	786 1120 8.7 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	15241 15660 85.3 %	9922 9837 88.4 %	8271 7937 91.3 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	17871 17871 100 %	11226 11226 100 %	9057 9057 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=210.524 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.074 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by County match
## W = 55760515, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by County match
## W = 56289804, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by County match
## W = 36591287, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and accept that whether an individual attends a post-secondary institution within the first year of graduating high school is related to whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school. However, the v-score is only .087 so it explains little of the variance. Some highlights included;

Individuals that do attend post-secondary but not within the first year have a significantly higher proportion of individuals that have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 18.2%; 341 individuals observed vs. 231 expected.
In addition, a higher proportion of individuals that never attended PS have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 16.6%; 1,462 observed vs. 1,087 expected.

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad

Test
`County match`	attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad			Total
`County match`	Attended but not first year	Attended first year after HS	Never attended PS	Total
Match	341 231 18.2 %	2917 3402 10.6 %	1462 1087 16.6 %	4720 4720 12.4 %
No match	1528 1638 81.8 %	24585 24100 89.4 %	7321 7696 83.4 %	33434 33434 87.6 %
Total	1869 1869 100 %	27502 27502 100 %	8783 8783 100 %	38154 38154 100 %
χ²=286.531 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.087 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +2

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.076, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of black individuals (23.0%) had meaningful employment in their high school county compared to AI, Asian/PI and White individuals.
A larger observed number of Black individuals had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 124 individuals vs. 94 expected.
A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (27.6%) had meaningful employment in their high school county compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 569 observed vs. 359 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`County match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`County match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	43 54 13.8 %	117 153 13.4 %	124 94 23 %	569 359 27.6 %	4684 4877 16.7 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	268 257 86.2 %	759 723 86.6 %	414 444 77 %	1494 1704 72.4 %	23313 23120 83.3 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	311 311 100 %	876 876 100 %	538 538 100 %	2063 2063 100 %	27997 27997 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=182.020 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.076 · p=0.000

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.065, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from entirely rural high schools had a significantly lower proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 11.6% compared to 18.7% in town/rural mix and 17.4% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from entirely rural high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 550 observed vs. 824 expected.
Town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county two years after graduation than expected - 4,114 vs. 3,839 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value however is only 0.069, indicating the associations are weak. Highlights in the table include;

EDR 6W had the lowest proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 13% compared to 16.9% in EDR 8 and 20.3% in EDR 6E.
EDR 6W had a significantly lower number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 802 observed vs. 1,073 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: The p-value does NOT indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and the average unemployment rate in that county.

avg.wages.pct.state: The p-value does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and the average household income in that county. Individuals that graduated from a high school county with higher percentages were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county two years after graduation.

avg.cte.intensity: The p-value indicates that we can NOT reject the null hypothesis.

Dem_Desc

Test
`County match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`County match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	550 824 11.6 %	4114 3839 18.7 %	873 874 17.4 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	4181 3907 88.4 %	17923 18198 81.3 %	4144 4143 82.6 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	4731 4731 100 %	22037 22037 100 %	5017 5017 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=134.308 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.065 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`County match`	edr			Total
`County match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	2368 2031 20.3 %	802 1073 13 %	2367 2433 16.9 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	9289 9626 79.7 %	5357 5086 87 %	11602 11536 83.1 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	11657 11657 100 %	6159 6159 100 %	13969 13969 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=152.887 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.069 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by County match
## W = 71439118, p-value = 0.0477
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by County match
## W = 78745130, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by County match
## W = 71939095, p-value = 0.02743
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .110 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 20.3% vs. 11.5% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 4,348 observed vs. 3,729 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .050 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 23.7% vs. 16.9% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 616 observed vs. 452 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .031 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 22.5% vs. 17.2% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 355 observed vs. 275 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`County match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`County match`	N	Y	Total
Match	5417 5437 17.4 %	120 100 20.9 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	25793 25773 82.6 %	455 475 79.1 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	31210 31210 100 %	575 575 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=4.602 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.012 · p=0.032

pseo.participant

Test
`County match`	pseo.participant		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	4348 3729 20.3 %	1189 1808 11.5 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	17056 17675 79.7 %	9192 8573 88.5 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	21404 21404 100 %	10381 10381 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=380.877 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.110 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`County match`	non.english.home		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	4921 5085 16.9 %	616 452 23.7 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	24270 24106 83.1 %	1978 2142 76.3 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	29191 29191 100 %	2594 2594 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=78.119 · df=1 · φ=0.050 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`County match`	english.learner		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	5182 5262 17.2 %	355 275 22.5 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	25024 24944 82.8 %	1224 1304 77.5 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	30206 30206 100 %	1579 1579 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=29.231 · df=1 · φ=0.031 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments variables

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .139 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 24.5% vs 13.5% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 2,763 observed vs. 1,962 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .083 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 18.8% vs 10.2% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 5,027 observed vs. 4,664 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. Individuals that took a higher number of CTE courses were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county two years after graduation.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .094 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 20.7% vs. 16.8% for CTE participant and 11.7% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 3,038 observed vs. 2,555 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and their MCA math score. The boxplots indicate that individuals with lower scores were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county two years after graduation.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and their MCA reading score. The boxplots indicate that individuals with lower scores were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county two years after graduation.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and their MCA science score. The boxplots indicate that individuals with lower scores were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county two years after graduation.

took.ACT

Test
`County match`	took.ACT		Total
`County match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2763 1962 24.5 %	2774 3575 13.5 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	8499 9300 75.5 %	17749 16948 86.5 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	11262 11262 100 %	20523 20523 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=612.795 · df=1 · φ=0.139 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`County match`	ap.exam		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	5027 4664 18.8 %	510 873 10.2 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	21749 22112 81.2 %	4499 4136 89.8 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	26776 26776 100 %	5009 5009 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=215.973 · df=1 · φ=0.083 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by County match
## W = 86867628, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`County match`	cte.achievement			Total
`County match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	3038 2555 20.7 %	1623 1678 16.8 %	876 1304 11.7 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	11630 12113 79.3 %	8011 7956 83.2 %	6607 6179 88.3 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	14668 14668 100 %	9634 9634 100 %	7483 7483 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=282.490 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.094 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by County match
## W = 50505124, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by County match
## W = 50878524, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by County match
## W = 30799915, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution.However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .115 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 22.2% vs 13.4% of individuals that graduated from a post-seconary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 3,231 observed vs. 2,539 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .071 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 22.5% vs 16% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 1,580 observed vs. 1,223 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .209 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 25.5% compared to less than 20% for all other institutions.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 1,439 vs. 984 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that never attended post secondary had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduating - 22.5%.
These same individuals a significantly higher number have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 1,580 observed vs. 1,223 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that attend post secondary but never graduated had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduating - 21.8%.
These same individuals had a significantly higher number of people have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduating - 1,659 observed vs. 1,328 expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 4 year college had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation - 6.8%.
These same individuals had a significantly lower number of people that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 482 observed vs. 1,243 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school two years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .201 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree or Less than Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 21.7% of individuals with Associate degree and 22.5% for individuals with less than associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 849 observed vs. 682 expected.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received less than an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 4,154 observed vs. 3,215 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`County match`	ps.grad		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	3231 2539 22.2 %	2306 2998 13.4 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	11342 12034 77.8 %	14906 14214 86.6 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	14573 14573 100 %	17212 17212 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=421.649 · df=1 · φ=0.115 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`County match`	attended.ps		Total
`County match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	1580 1223 22.5 %	3957 4314 16 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	5439 5796 77.5 %	20809 20452 84 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	7019 7019 100 %	24766 24766 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=161.794 · df=1 · φ=0.071 · p=0.000

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`County match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`County match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	482 1243 6.8 %	238 286 14.5 %	11 11 16.9 %	82 423 3.4 %	46 39 20.4 %	1439 984 25.5 %	1659 1328 21.8 %	1580 1223 22.5 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	6651 5890 93.2 %	1402 1354 85.5 %	54 54 83.1 %	2349 2008 96.6 %	179 186 79.6 %	4212 4667 74.5 %	5962 6293 78.2 %	5439 5796 77.5 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	7133 7133 100 %	1640 1640 100 %	65 65 100 %	2431 2431 100 %	225 225 100 %	5651 5651 100 %	7621 7621 100 %	7019 7019 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=1389.093 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.209 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`County match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`County match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	849 682 21.7 %	532 1623 5.7 %	4154 3215 22.5 %	2 17 2 %	5537 5537 17.4 %
No match	3065 3232 78.3 %	8785 7694 94.3 %	14300 15239 77.5 %	98 83 98 %	26248 26248 82.6 %
Total	3914 3914 100 %	9317 9317 100 %	18454 18454 100 %	100 100 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=1286.629 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.201 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +7

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.029, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (23.1%) had meaningful employment in their high school county compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 191 observed vs. 165 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`County match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`County match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	26 27 19.4 %	58 81 14.4 %	29 34 16.9 %	191 165 23.1 %	3000 2997 20 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	108 107 80.6 %	346 323 85.6 %	143 138 83.1 %	635 661 76.9 %	12009 12012 80 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	134 134 100 %	404 404 100 %	172 172 100 %	826 826 100 %	15009 15009 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=14.176 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.029 · p=0.007

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.054, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from entirely rural high schools had a significantly lower proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 15.6% compared to 21.3% in town/rural mix and 18.3% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from entirely rural high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 411 observed vs. 525 expected.
Town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county seven years after graduation than expected - 2,420 vs. 2,264 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value however is only 0.059, indicating the associations are weak. Highlights in the table include;

EDR 6W had the lowest proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 15.3% compared to 20.9% in EDR 8 and 21.5% in EDR 6E.
EDR 6W had a significantly lower number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 505 observed vs. 660 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: The p-value does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and the average unemployment rate in that county. The boxplots show that individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation had overall lower unemployment rates in those counties.

wages.3year.avg: The p-value does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and the average household income in that county. The boxplots show that individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school had higher percentages in those counties.

avg.cte.intensity: The p-value indicates we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

Dem_Desc

Test
`County match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`County match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	411 525 15.6 %	2420 2264 21.3 %	473 515 18.3 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	2217 2103 84.4 %	8917 9073 78.7 %	2107 2065 81.7 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	2628 2628 100 %	11337 11337 100 %	2580 2580 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=48.596 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.054 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`County match`	edr			Total
`County match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	1301 1211 21.5 %	505 660 15.3 %	1498 1433 20.9 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	4762 4852 78.5 %	2801 2646 84.7 %	5678 5743 79.1 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	6063 6063 100 %	3306 3306 100 %	7176 7176 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=57.672 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.059 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by County match
## W = 20679212, p-value = 1.136e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by County match
## W = 23697944, p-value = 1.113e-13
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by County match
## W = 21237270, p-value = 0.7816
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .068 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 21.5% vs. 15.1% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 2,712 observed vs. 2,521 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates we can not reject the null hypothesis.

english.learner: The p-value indicates we can not reject the null hypothesis.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`County match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`County match`	N	Y	Total
Match	3257 3258 20 %	47 46 20.5 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	13059 13058 80 %	182 183 79.5 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	16316 16316 100 %	229 229 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=0.016 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.002 · p=0.898

pseo.participant

Test
`County match`	pseo.participant		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	2712 2521 21.5 %	592 783 15.1 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	9913 10104 78.5 %	3328 3137 84.9 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	12625 12625 100 %	3920 3920 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=75.765 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.068 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`County match`	non.english.home		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	3083 3081 20 %	221 223 19.8 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	12347 12349 80 %	894 892 80.2 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	15430 15430 100 %	1115 1115 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=0.008 · df=1 · φ=0.001 · p=0.928

english.learner

Test
`County match`	english.learner		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	3199 3196 20 %	105 108 19.5 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	12807 12810 80 %	434 431 80.5 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	16006 16006 100 %	539 539 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=0.055 · df=1 · φ=0.002 · p=0.815

High school accomplishments variables

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .089 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 24.4% vs 17.1% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 1,590 observed vs. 1,301 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .066 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 21.1% vs 13.9% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 2,938 observed vs. 2,778 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplot shows that individuals that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school also had taken a larger number of CTE courses.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .091 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 23.1% vs. 18.6% for CTE participant and 13.9% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than what was expected - 2,014 observed vs. 1,743 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and their MCA math score. The boxplots indicate that individuals with lower scores were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county seven years after graduation.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and their MCA reading score. The boxplots indicate that individuals with lower scores were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county seven years after graduation.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and their MCA science score. The boxplots indicate that individuals with lower scores were more likely to have meaningful employment in the county seven years after graduation.

took.ACT

Test
`County match`	took.ACT		Total
`County match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	1590 1301 24.4 %	1714 2003 17.1 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	4927 5216 75.6 %	8314 8025 82.9 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	6517 6517 100 %	10028 10028 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=131.453 · df=1 · φ=0.089 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`County match`	ap.exam		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	2938 2778 21.1 %	366 526 13.9 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	10973 11133 78.9 %	2268 2108 86.1 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	13911 13911 100 %	2634 2634 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=71.880 · df=1 · φ=0.066 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by County match
## W = 25400152, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`County match`	cte.achievement			Total
`County match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	2014 1743 23.1 %	803 861 18.6 %	487 699 13.9 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	6716 6987 76.9 %	3510 3452 81.4 %	3015 2803 86.1 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	8730 8730 100 %	4313 4313 100 %	3502 3502 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=137.989 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.091 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by County match
## W = 16178196, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by County match
## W = 15914720, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by County match
## W = 5809764, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .051 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 22.3% vs 18.2% of individuals that graduated from a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 1,608 observed vs. 1,440 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .028 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 22.1% vs 19.4% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 783 observed vs. 707 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .146 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 27.9%.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 819 vs. 585 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that never attended post secondary had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduating - 22.1%.
These same individuals a significantly higher number have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 783 observed vs. 707 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that attend post secondary but never graduated had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduating - 22.4%.
These same individuals had a significantly higher number of people have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduating - 835 observed vs. 744 expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 4 year college had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation - 13.7%.
These same individuals had a significantly lower number of people that had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 516 observed vs. 755 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same county as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .137 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree or Less than Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 24.5% of individuals with Associate degree and 23.4% for individuals with less than associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 497 observed vs. 404 expected.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received less than an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same county as their high school than expected - 2,192 observed vs. 1,869 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`County match`	ps.grad		Total
`County match`	0	1	Total
Match	1608 1440 22.3 %	1696 1864 18.2 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	5605 5773 77.7 %	7636 7468 81.8 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	7213 7213 100 %	9332 9332 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=42.934 · df=1 · φ=0.051 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`County match`	attended.ps		Total
`County match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	783 707 22.1 %	2521 2597 19.4 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	2759 2835 77.9 %	10482 10406 80.6 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	3542 3542 100 %	13003 13003 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=12.701 · df=1 · φ=0.028 · p=0.000

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`County match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`County match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	516 755 13.7 %	198 198 20 %	10 9 21.3 %	113 276 8.2 %	30 30 20 %	819 585 27.9 %	835 744 22.4 %	783 707 22.1 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	3264 3025 86.3 %	791 791 80 %	37 38 78.7 %	1267 1104 91.8 %	120 120 80 %	2112 2346 72.1 %	2891 2982 77.6 %	2759 2835 77.9 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	3780 3780 100 %	989 989 100 %	47 47 100 %	1380 1380 100 %	150 150 100 %	2931 2931 100 %	3726 3726 100 %	3542 3542 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=354.922 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.146 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`County match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`County match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	497 404 24.5 %	612 1017 12 %	2192 1869 23.4 %	3 14 4.2 %	3304 3304 20 %
No match	1528 1621 75.5 %	4479 4074 88 %	7166 7489 76.6 %	68 57 95.8 %	13241 13241 80 %
Total	2025 2025 100 %	5091 5091 100 %	9358 9358 100 %	71 71 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=308.629 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.137 · p=0.000

Location match - EDR

Summary Chart

The chart below provides the percentage of individuals in the dataset that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of their graduation, graduation year +2, and graduation year +7. The percentage of individuals does increase with each subsequent time X - 14.9% the year of gradation, 22.5% two years after graduation, and 27,6% seven years after graduation.

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicy. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.064, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of black individuals (17.9%) had meaningful employment in their high school EDR compared to AI, Asian/PI and White individuals.
A larger observed number of Black individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 134 individuals vs. 111 expected.
A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (22.6%) had meaningful employment in their high school EDR compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 623 observed vs. 408 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`EDR match`	RaceEthnicity						Total
`EDR match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	Unknown	White	Total
Match	55 59 13.8 %	168 158 15.8 %	134 111 17.9 %	623 407 22.7 %	3 6 7.5 %	4668 4909 14.1 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	343 339 86.2 %	898 908 84.2 %	613 636 82.1 %	2120 2336 77.3 %	37 34 92.5 %	28388 28147 85.9 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	398 398 100 %	1066 1066 100 %	747 747 100 %	2743 2743 100 %	40 40 100 %	33056 33056 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=156.335 · df=5 · Cramer’s V=0.064 · p=0.000

High school characteristics variables

Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 15.9% compared to 12.2% in entirely rural and 12.4% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 4,233 observed vs. 3,942 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value however is only 0.043, indicating the associations are weak. Highlights in the table include;

EDR 6W had the lowest proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation - 11.8% compared to 15.1% in EDR 8 and 16.1% in EDR 6E.
EDR 6W had a significantly lower number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation - 871 observed vs. 1,091 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: The ANOVA table does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and the average unemployment rate in their high school county. It states that as unemployment decreases, the likliness of having “match” increases as well. But it is very minimal.

wages.3year.avg: No relationship.

avg.CTE.intensity: No relationship.

Dem_Desc

Test
`EDR match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`EDR match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	676 819 12.3 %	4233 3944 15.9 %	742 888 12.4 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	4839 4696 87.7 %	22321 22610 84.1 %	5239 5093 87.6 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	5515 5515 100 %	26554 26554 100 %	5981 5981 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=82.562 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.047 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`EDR match`	edr			Total
`EDR match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	2241 2064 16.1 %	871 1091 11.9 %	2539 2496 15.1 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	11655 11832 83.9 %	6475 6255 88.1 %	14269 14312 84.9 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	13896 13896 100 %	7346 7346 100 %	16808 16808 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=70.833 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.043 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by EDR match
## W = 89423697, p-value = 0.005401
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by EDR match
## W = 93496082, p-value = 0.01038
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by EDR match
## W = 90488227, p-value = 0.0554
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and if the individual has limited english proficiency. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .026 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that had limited english proficiency had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation - 21.5% vs. 14.7% for individuals that did not have limited english proficiency.
A significantly larger number of individuals with limited english proficiency worked in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 173 observed vs. 119 expected.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .099 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation - 17.4% vs. 10.0% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation - 4,332 observed vs. 3,692 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .060 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation - 21.7% vs. 14.2% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 720 observed vs. 492 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .035 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 20.0% vs. 14.5% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 414 observed vs. 306 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`EDR match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`EDR match`	N	Y	Total
Match	5478 5532 14.7 %	173 119 21.5 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	31768 31714 85.3 %	631 685 78.5 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	37246 37246 100 %	804 804 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=28.324 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.028 · p=0.000

pseo.participant

Test
`EDR match`	pseo.participant		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	4332 3689 17.4 %	1319 1962 10 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	20509 21152 82.6 %	11890 11247 90 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	24841 24841 100 %	13209 13209 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=378.231 · df=1 · φ=0.100 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`EDR match`	non.english.home		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	4931 5160 14.2 %	720 491 21.8 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	29811 29582 85.8 %	2588 2817 78.2 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	34742 34742 100 %	3308 3308 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=136.353 · df=1 · φ=0.060 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`EDR match`	english.learner		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	5237 5345 14.6 %	414 306 20.1 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	30751 30643 85.4 %	1648 1756 79.9 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	35988 35988 100 %	2062 2062 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=46.650 · df=1 · φ=0.035 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .121 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 20.9% vs 11.8% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 2,650 observed vs. 1,876 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .079 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 16.0% vs 8.3% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 5,152 observed vs. 4,761 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same EDR as their high school and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplots show that individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school likely took more CTE courses.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .082 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 17.7% vs. 13.8% for CTE participant and 10.5% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 3,156 observed vs. 2,647 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same EDR as their high school and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same EDR as their high school and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same EDR as their high school and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school the year of graduation.

took.ACT

Test
`EDR match`	took.ACT		Total
`EDR match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2650 1873 21 %	3001 3778 11.8 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	9963 10740 79 %	22436 21659 88.2 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	12613 12613 100 %	25437 25437 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=565.143 · df=1 · φ=0.122 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`EDR match`	ap.exam		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	5152 4760 16.1 %	499 891 8.3 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	26898 27290 83.9 %	5501 5109 91.7 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	32050 32050 100 %	6000 6000 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=239.934 · df=1 · φ=0.080 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by EDR match
## W = 108169904, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`EDR match`	cte.achievement			Total
`EDR match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	3156 2648 17.7 %	1545 1662 13.8 %	950 1341 10.5 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	14672 15180 82.3 %	9647 9530 86.2 %	8080 7689 89.5 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	17828 17828 100 %	11192 11192 100 %	9030 9030 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=258.234 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.082 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by EDR match
## W = 63820024, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by EDR match
## W = 64249831, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by EDR match
## W = 42355617, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and accept that whether an individual attends a post-secondary institution within the first year of graduating high school is related to whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school. However, the v-score is only .105 so it explains little of the variance. Some highlights included;

Individuals that do attend post-secondary but not within the first year have a significantly higher proportion of individuals that have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 21.3%; 397 individuals observed vs. 277 expected.
In addition, a higher proportion of individuals that never attended PS have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 20.8%; 1,815 observed vs. 1,298 expected.

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad

Test
`EDR match`	attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad			Total
`EDR match`	Attended but not first year	Attended first year after HS	Never attended PS	Total
Match	397 277 21.3 %	3439 4076 12.5 %	1815 1298 20.8 %	5651 5651 14.9 %
No match	1466 1586 78.7 %	24006 23369 87.5 %	6927 7444 79.2 %	32399 32399 85.1 %
Total	1863 1863 100 %	27445 27445 100 %	8742 8742 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=419.842 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.105 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +2

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicy. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.063, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of black individuals (26.2%) had meaningful employment in their high school EDR compared to AI, Asian/PI and White individuals.
A larger observed number of Black individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 141 individuals vs. 121 expected.
A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (31.9%) had meaningful employment in their high school EDR compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 658 observed vs. 464 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`EDR match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`EDR match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	52 70 16.7 %	172 197 19.6 %	141 121 26.2 %	658 464 31.9 %	6122 6293 21.9 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	259 241 83.3 %	704 679 80.4 %	397 417 73.8 %	1405 1599 68.1 %	21875 21704 78.1 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	311 311 100 %	876 876 100 %	538 538 100 %	2063 2063 100 %	27997 27997 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=125.273 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.063 · p=0.000

High school characteristics variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.043, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 23.7% compared to 19.6% in entirely rural and 20.0% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 5,217observed vs. 4,954 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value however is only 0.062, indicating the associations are weak. Highlights in the table include;

EDR 6W had the lowest proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation - 17.2% compared to 23.6% in EDR 8 and 24.0% in EDR 6E.
EDR 6W had a significantly lower number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation - 1,059 observed vs. 1,384 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: No relationship

wages.3year.avg: No relationship.

avg.cte.intensity: No relationship

Dem_Desc

Test
`EDR match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`EDR match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	926 1063 19.6 %	5217 4954 23.7 %	1002 1128 20 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	3805 3668 80.4 %	16820 17083 76.3 %	4015 3889 80 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	4731 4731 100 %	22037 22037 100 %	5017 5017 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=59.073 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.043 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`EDR match`	edr			Total
`EDR match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	2794 2620 24 %	1059 1384 17.2 %	3292 3140 23.6 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	8863 9037 76 %	5100 4775 82.8 %	10677 10829 76.4 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	11657 11657 100 %	6159 6159 100 %	13969 13969 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=123.026 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.062 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by EDR match
## W = 86431734, p-value = 0.01953
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by EDR match
## W = 88834150, p-value = 0.2369
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by EDR match
## W = 86086660, p-value = 0.3711
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the null hypothesis.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .128 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation - 26.2% vs. 14.8% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation - 5,608 observed vs. 4,811 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .046 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation - 28.9% vs. 21.9% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 750 observed vs. 583 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .035 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 28.9% vs. 22.1% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 457 observed vs. 355 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`EDR match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`EDR match`	N	Y	Total
Match	6993 7016 22.4 %	152 129 26.4 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	24217 24194 77.6 %	423 446 73.6 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	31210 31210 100 %	575 575 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=5.029 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.013 · p=0.025

pseo.participant

Test
`EDR match`	pseo.participant		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	5608 4811 26.2 %	1537 2334 14.8 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	15796 16593 73.8 %	8844 8047 85.2 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	21404 21404 100 %	10381 10381 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=520.215 · df=1 · φ=0.128 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`EDR match`	non.english.home		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	6395 6562 21.9 %	750 583 28.9 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	22796 22629 78.1 %	1844 2011 71.1 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	29191 29191 100 %	2594 2594 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=66.690 · df=1 · φ=0.046 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`EDR match`	english.learner		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	6688 6790 22.1 %	457 355 28.9 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	23518 23416 77.9 %	1122 1224 71.1 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	30206 30206 100 %	1579 1579 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=39.441 · df=1 · φ=0.035 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .163 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 31.7% vs 17.4% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 3,565 observed vs. 2,532 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .109 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 24.5% vs 11.9% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 6,548 observed vs. 6,019 expected.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years of graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .110 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 26.7% vs. 21.7% for CTE participant and 15.2% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 3,918 observed vs. 3,297 expected.

took.ACT

Test
`EDR match`	took.ACT		Total
`EDR match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	3565 2532 31.7 %	3580 4613 17.4 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	7697 8730 68.3 %	16943 15910 82.6 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	11262 11262 100 %	20523 20523 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=841.941 · df=1 · φ=0.163 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`EDR match`	ap.exam		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	6548 6019 24.5 %	597 1126 11.9 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	20228 20757 75.5 %	4412 3883 88.1 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	26776 26776 100 %	5009 5009 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=379.827 · df=1 · φ=0.109 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by EDR match
## W = 105271371, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`EDR match`	cte.achievement			Total
`EDR match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	3918 3297 26.7 %	2090 2166 21.7 %	1137 1682 15.2 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	10750 11371 73.3 %	7544 7468 78.3 %	6346 5801 84.8 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	14668 14668 100 %	9634 9634 100 %	7483 7483 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=382.042 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.110 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by EDR match
## W = 59944686, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by EDR match
## W = 60018294, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by EDR match
## W = 36836688, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .113 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 28.5% vs 17.4% of individuals that graduated from a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 4,156 observed vs. 3,276 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .088 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 29.4% vs 20.5% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 2,064 observed vs. 1,578 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .253 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation - 33.9%.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 1,914 vs. 1,270 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that never attended post secondary had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduating - 29.4%.
These same individuals a significantly higher number have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 2,064 observed vs. 1,578 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that attend post secondary but never graduated had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduating - 27.6%.
These same individuals had a significantly higher number of people have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduating - 2,104 observed vs. 1,713 expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 4 year college had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation - 8.7%.
These same individuals had a significantly lower number of people that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 619 observed vs. 1,603 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school two years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .238 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree or Less than Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 27.6% of individuals with Associate degree and 29.2% for individuals with less than associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 1,080 observed vs. 880 expected.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received less than an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 5,387 observed vs. 4,148 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`EDR match`	ps.grad		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	4156 3276 28.5 %	2989 3869 17.4 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	10417 11297 71.5 %	14223 13343 82.6 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	14573 14573 100 %	17212 17212 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=562.634 · df=1 · φ=0.133 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`EDR match`	attended.ps		Total
`EDR match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2064 1578 29.4 %	5081 5567 20.5 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	4955 5441 70.6 %	19685 19199 79.5 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	7019 7019 100 %	24766 24766 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=247.518 · df=1 · φ=0.088 · p=0.000

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`EDR match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`EDR match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	619 1603 8.7 %	277 369 16.9 %	16 15 24.6 %	92 546 3.8 %	59 51 26.2 %	1914 1270 33.9 %	2104 1713 27.6 %	2064 1578 29.4 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	6514 5530 91.3 %	1363 1271 83.1 %	49 50 75.4 %	2339 1885 96.2 %	166 174 73.8 %	3737 4381 66.1 %	5517 5908 72.4 %	4955 5441 70.6 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	7133 7133 100 %	1640 1640 100 %	65 65 100 %	2431 2431 100 %	225 225 100 %	5651 5651 100 %	7621 7621 100 %	7019 7019 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=2027.659 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.253 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`EDR match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`EDR match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	1080 880 27.6 %	674 2094 7.2 %	5387 4148 29.2 %	4 22 4 %	7145 7145 22.5 %
No match	2834 3034 72.4 %	8643 7223 92.8 %	13067 14306 70.8 %	96 78 96 %	24640 24640 77.5 %
Total	3914 3914 100 %	9317 9317 100 %	18454 18454 100 %	100 100 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=1798.088 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.238 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +7

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate there is no relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`EDR match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`EDR match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	33 37 24.6 %	100 112 24.8 %	34 48 19.8 %	234 228 28.3 %	4169 4146 27.8 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	101 97 75.4 %	304 292 75.2 %	138 124 80.2 %	592 598 71.7 %	10840 10863 72.2 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	134 134 100 %	404 404 100 %	172 172 100 %	826 826 100 %	15009 15009 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=7.959 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.022 · p=0.093

High school characteristics variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.049, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from urban/town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 22.6% compared to 29.0% in entirely rural and 28.5% in town/rural mix.
Individuals from urban/town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 582 observed vs. 713 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value however is only 0.075, indicating the associations are weak. Highlights in the table include;

EDR 6W had the lowest proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation - 21.7% compared to 30.7% in EDR 8 and 27.2% in EDR 6E.
EDR 6W had a significantly lower number of individuals that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation - 717 observed vs. 913 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: The p-value does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and the average unemployment rate in their high school county. The boxplots show that individuals who had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation more likely graduated from counties with a lower unemployment rate.

wages.3year.avg: The p-value indicates we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

avg.cte.intensity: The p-value indicates we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

Dem_Desc

Test
`EDR match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`EDR match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	761 726 29 %	3227 3131 28.5 %	582 713 22.6 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	1867 1902 71 %	8110 8206 71.5 %	1998 1867 77.4 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	2628 2628 100 %	11337 11337 100 %	2580 2580 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=39.460 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.049 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`EDR match`	edr			Total
`EDR match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	1647 1675 27.2 %	717 913 21.7 %	2206 1982 30.7 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	4416 4388 72.8 %	2589 2393 78.3 %	4970 5194 69.3 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	6063 6063 100 %	3306 3306 100 %	7176 7176 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=93.793 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.075 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by EDR match
## W = 26101141, p-value = 4.34e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by EDR match
## W = 26791932, p-value = 0.03764
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by EDR match
## W = 26636838, p-value = 0.9731
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the null hypothesis.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .070 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation - 29.4% vs. 22% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation - 3,706 observed vs. 3,487 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`EDR match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`EDR match`	N	Y	Total
Match	4509 4507 27.6 %	61 63 26.6 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	11807 11809 72.4 %	168 166 73.4 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	16316 16316 100 %	229 229 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=0.068 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.003 · p=0.794

pseo.participant

Test
`EDR match`	pseo.participant		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	3706 3487 29.4 %	864 1083 22 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	8919 9138 70.6 %	3056 2837 78 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	12625 12625 100 %	3920 3920 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=79.666 · df=1 · φ=0.070 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`EDR match`	non.english.home		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	4279 4262 27.7 %	291 308 26.1 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	11151 11168 72.3 %	824 807 73.9 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	15430 15430 100 %	1115 1115 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=1.307 · df=1 · φ=0.009 · p=0.253

english.learner

Test
`EDR match`	english.learner		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	4422 4421 27.6 %	148 149 27.5 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	11584 11585 72.4 %	391 390 72.5 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	16006 16006 100 %	539 539 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=0.001 · df=1 · φ=0.001 · p=0.970

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .108 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 33.6% vs 23.7% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 2,189 observed vs. 1,800 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .094 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 29.5% vs 18.0% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 4,097 observed vs. 3,842 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in the same EDR as their high school and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplot shows that individuals that have maningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation likely took more CTE courses.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years of graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .113 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 31.9% vs. 25.8% for CTE participant and 19.2% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 2,785 observed vs. 2411 expected.

took.ACT

Test
`EDR match`	took.ACT		Total
`EDR match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2189 1800 33.6 %	2381 2770 23.7 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	4328 4717 66.4 %	7647 7258 76.3 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	6517 6517 100 %	10028 10028 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=191.029 · df=1 · φ=0.108 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`EDR match`	ap.exam		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	4097 3842 29.5 %	473 728 18 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	9814 10069 70.5 %	2161 1906 82 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	13911 13911 100 %	2634 2634 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=145.776 · df=1 · φ=0.094 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by EDR match
## W = 32072182, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`EDR match`	cte.achievement			Total
`EDR match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	2785 2411 31.9 %	1114 1191 25.8 %	671 967 19.2 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	5945 6319 68.1 %	3199 3122 74.2 %	2831 2535 80.8 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	8730 8730 100 %	4313 4313 100 %	3502 3502 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=212.325 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.113 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by EDR match
## W = 19933056, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by EDR match
## W = 19659744, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by EDR match
## W = 7134084, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .043 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 29.8% vs 25.9% of individuals that graduated from a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 2,149 observed vs. 1,992 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .026 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 29.8% vs 27% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 1,056 observed vs. 978 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .178 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation - 39.5%.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 1,159 vs. 810 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that never attended post secondary had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduating - 29.8%.
These same individuals a significantly higher number have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 1,056 observed vs. 978 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that attend post secondary but never graduated had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduating - 29.9%.
These same individuals had a significantly higher number of people have meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduating - 1,113 observed vs. 1,029 expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that graduated from a 2 - Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation - 11.4%.
These same individuals had a significantly lower number of people that had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 158 observed vs. 381 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school seven years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .157 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree or Less than Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school - 34.7% of individuals with Associate degree and 31.7% for individuals with less than associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 703 observed vs. 559 expected.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received less than an Associate degree had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than expected - 2,970 observed vs. 2,585 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`EDR match`	ps.grad		Total
`EDR match`	0	1	Total
Match	2149 1992 29.8 %	2421 2578 25.9 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	5064 5221 70.2 %	6911 6754 74.1 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	7213 7213 100 %	9332 9332 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=29.978 · df=1 · φ=0.043 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`EDR match`	attended.ps		Total
`EDR match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	1056 978 29.8 %	3514 3592 27 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	2486 2564 70.2 %	9489 9411 73 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	3542 3542 100 %	13003 13003 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=10.693 · df=1 · φ=0.026 · p=0.001

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`EDR match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`EDR match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	750 1044 19.8 %	278 273 28.1 %	12 13 25.5 %	158 381 11.4 %	44 41 29.3 %	1159 810 39.5 %	1113 1029 29.9 %	1056 978 29.8 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	3030 2736 80.2 %	711 716 71.9 %	35 34 74.5 %	1222 999 88.6 %	106 109 70.7 %	1772 2121 60.5 %	2613 2697 70.1 %	2486 2564 70.2 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	3780 3780 100 %	989 989 100 %	47 47 100 %	1380 1380 100 %	150 150 100 %	2931 2931 100 %	3726 3726 100 %	3542 3542 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=521.728 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.178 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`EDR match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`EDR match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	703 559 34.7 %	893 1406 17.5 %	2970 2585 31.7 %	4 20 5.6 %	4570 4570 27.6 %
No match	1322 1466 65.3 %	4198 3685 82.5 %	6388 6773 68.3 %	67 51 94.4 %	11975 11975 72.4 %
Total	2025 2025 100 %	5091 5091 100 %	9358 9358 100 %	71 71 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=406.233 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.157 · p=0.000

Location match - region

Summary chart

The chart below provides the percentage of individuals in the dataset that had meaningful employment in one of the three research EDRs the year of their graduation, graduation year +2, and graduation year +7. The percentage of individuals does increase with each subsequent time X - 16.2% the year of gradation, 25.4% two years after graduation, and 32.1% seven years after graduation.

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.063, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of black individuals (19.8%) had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs compared to AI, Asian/PI and White individuals.
A larger observed number of Black individuals had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than what was expected - 148 individuals vs. 121 expected.
A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (24.1%) had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than what was expected - 665 observed vs. 445 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`Region match`	RaceEthnicity						Total
`Region match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	Unknown	White	Total
Match	69 64 17.3 %	173 173 16.2 %	148 121 19.8 %	665 444 24.2 %	3 6 7.5 %	5105 5354 15.4 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	329 334 82.7 %	893 893 83.8 %	599 626 80.2 %	2078 2299 75.8 %	37 34 92.5 %	27951 27702 84.6 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	398 398 100 %	1066 1066 100 %	747 747 100 %	2743 2743 100 %	40 40 100 %	33056 33056 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=154.474 · df=5 · Cramer’s V=0.064 · p=0.000

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.058, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 17.6% compared to 13.1% in entirely rural and 12.7% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 4,674 observed vs. 4,300 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the null hypothesis.

avg.unemployment.rate: The p-value does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and the average unemployment rate in their high school county. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs likely graduated in a county with slightly lower unemployment. But it is minimal.

avg.wages.pct.state: No relationship.

avg.cte.intensity: No relationship.

Dem_Desc

Test
`Region match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`Region match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	726 893 13.2 %	4675 4301 17.6 %	762 969 12.7 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	4789 4622 86.8 %	21879 22253 82.4 %	5219 5012 87.3 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	5515 5515 100 %	26554 26554 100 %	5981 5981 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=128.840 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.058 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`Region match`	edr			Total
`Region match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	2354 2251 16.9 %	1160 1190 15.8 %	2649 2722 15.8 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	11542 11645 83.1 %	6186 6156 84.2 %	14159 14086 84.2 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	13896 13896 100 %	7346 7346 100 %	16808 16808 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=8.907 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.015 · p=0.012

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by Region match
## W = 96172294, p-value = 0.00818
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by Region match
## W = 1e+08, p-value = 0.02715
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by Region match
## W = 95695350, p-value = 0.6134
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and if the individual has limited english proficiency. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .024 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that had limited english proficiency had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation - 22.2% vs. 16.0% for individuals that did not have limited english proficiency.
A significantly larger number of individuals with limited english proficiency worked in one of the three EDRs than expected - 179 observed vs. 130 expected.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .107 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation - 19.0% vs. 10.7% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation - 4,743 observed vs. 4,027 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .056 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation - 22.8% vs. 15.5% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 756 observed vs. 536 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .032 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 21.1% vs. 15.9% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 437 observed vs. 334 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`Region match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`Region match`	N	Y	Total
Match	5984 6033 16.1 %	179 130 22.3 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	31262 31213 83.9 %	625 674 77.7 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	37246 37246 100 %	804 804 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=21.816 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.024 · p=0.000

pseo.participant

Test
`Region match`	pseo.participant		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	4743 4024 19.1 %	1420 2139 10.8 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	20098 20817 80.9 %	11789 11070 89.2 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	24841 24841 100 %	13209 13209 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=441.619 · df=1 · φ=0.108 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`Region match`	non.english.home		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	5407 5627 15.6 %	756 536 22.9 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	29335 29115 84.4 %	2552 2772 77.1 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	34742 34742 100 %	3308 3308 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=117.733 · df=1 · φ=0.056 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`Region match`	english.learner		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	5726 5829 15.9 %	437 334 21.2 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	30262 30159 84.1 %	1625 1728 78.8 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	35988 35988 100 %	2062 2062 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=39.700 · df=1 · φ=0.032 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .132 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 23.0% vs 12.7% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 2,917 observed vs. 2,046 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .087 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 17.5% vs 8.8% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 5,637 observed vs. 5,192 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in one of the three EDRs and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplot shows that individuals that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation were more likely to have taken more CTE courses.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .085 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 19.2% vs. 15.0% for CTE participant and 11.6% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than what was expected - 3,432 observed vs. 2,887 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in one of the three EDRs as their high school and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in one of the three EDRs and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in one of the three EDRs and their MCA math score. The boxplots show that the lower the scores, the more likely to have meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation.

took.ACT

Test
`Region match`	took.ACT		Total
`Region match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2917 2043 23.1 %	3246 4120 12.8 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	9696 10570 76.9 %	22191 21317 87.2 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	12613 12613 100 %	25437 25437 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=666.742 · df=1 · φ=0.132 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`Region match`	ap.exam		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	5637 5191 17.6 %	526 972 8.8 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	26413 26859 82.4 %	5474 5028 91.2 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	32050 32050 100 %	6000 6000 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=289.092 · df=1 · φ=0.087 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by Region match
## W = 116045681, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`Region match`	cte.achievement			Total
`Region match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	3432 2888 19.3 %	1682 1813 15 %	1049 1463 11.6 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	14396 14940 80.7 %	9510 9379 85 %	7981 7567 88.4 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	17828 17828 100 %	11192 11192 100 %	9030 9030 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=273.286 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.085 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by Region match
## W = 67441001, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by Region match
## W = 68091568, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by Region match
## W = 45010757, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and accept that whether an individual attends a post-secondary institution within the first year of graduating high school is related to whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs. However, the v-score is only .118 so it explains little of the variance. Some highlights included;

Individuals that do attend post-secondary but not within the first year AND individuals that never attend Post-secondary have a significantly higher proportion of individuals that have meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 23.3% for individuals that eventually attend Post-secondary but not within the first year and 23.2% of individuals that never attend post-secondary; 435 individuals observed vs. 302 expected and 2,027 oberved vs. 1,416 expected.

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad

Test
`Region match`	attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad			Total
`Region match`	Attended but not first year	Attended first year after HS	Never attended PS	Total
Match	435 302 23.3 %	3701 4445 13.5 %	2027 1416 23.2 %	6163 6163 16.2 %
No match	1428 1561 76.7 %	23744 23000 86.5 %	6715 7326 76.8 %	31887 31887 83.8 %
Total	1863 1863 100 %	27445 27445 100 %	8742 8742 100 %	38050 38050 100 %
χ²=533.581 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.118 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +2

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.058, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (34.4%) had meaningful employment in their high school EDR compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 710 observed vs. 524 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`Region match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`Region match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	71 79 22.8 %	181 222 20.7 %	152 137 28.3 %	710 524 34.4 %	6953 7106 24.8 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	240 232 77.2 %	695 654 79.3 %	386 401 71.7 %	1353 1539 65.6 %	21044 20891 75.2 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	311 311 100 %	876 876 100 %	538 538 100 %	2063 2063 100 %	27997 27997 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=107.042 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.058 · p=0.000

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.063, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 27.2% compared to 21.8% in entirely rural and 20.8% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 5,996 observed vs. 5,593 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the null hypothesis.

avg.unemployment.rate: There is no relationship

avg.wages.pct.state: There is no relationship.

avg.cte.intensity: There is no relationship

Dem_Desc

Test
`Region match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`Region match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	1029 1201 21.8 %	5996 5593 27.2 %	1042 1273 20.8 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	3702 3530 78.2 %	16041 16444 72.8 %	3975 3744 79.2 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	4731 4731 100 %	22037 22037 100 %	5017 5017 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=128.144 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.063 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`Region match`	edr			Total
`Region match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	2980 2959 25.6 %	1578 1563 25.6 %	3509 3545 25.1 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	8677 8698 74.4 %	4581 4596 74.4 %	10460 10424 74.9 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	11657 11657 100 %	6159 6159 100 %	13969 13969 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=0.896 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.005 · p=0.639

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by Region match
## W = 95310072, p-value = 0.6165
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by Region match
## W = 95103040, p-value = 0.4286
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by Region match
## W = 92631814, p-value = 0.9881
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .135 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation - 29.5% vs. 16.9% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation - 6,311 observed vs. 5,532 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .037 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation - 30.8% vs. 24.9% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 798 observed vs. 658 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .030 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 31.0% vs. 25.1% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 490 observed vs. 401 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`Region match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`Region match`	N	Y	Total
Match	7909 7921 25.3 %	158 146 27.5 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	23301 23289 74.7 %	417 429 72.5 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	31210 31210 100 %	575 575 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=1.251 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.007 · p=0.263

pseo.participant

Test
`Region match`	pseo.participant		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	6311 5432 29.5 %	1756 2635 16.9 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	15093 15972 70.5 %	8625 7746 83.1 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	21404 21404 100 %	10381 10381 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=582.527 · df=1 · φ=0.135 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`Region match`	non.english.home		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	7269 7409 24.9 %	798 658 30.8 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	21922 21782 75.1 %	1796 1936 69.2 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	29191 29191 100 %	2594 2594 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=42.914 · df=1 · φ=0.037 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`Region match`	english.learner		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	7577 7666 25.1 %	490 401 31 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	22629 22540 74.9 %	1089 1178 69 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	30206 30206 100 %	1579 1579 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=27.717 · df=1 · φ=0.030 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .177 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 35.8% vs 19.7% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 4,029 observed vs. 2,858 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .121 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 27.7% vs 13.2% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 7407 observed vs. 6,796 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in one of the three EDRs and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation more likely took more CTE courses.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .119 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 30.1% vs. 24.5% for CTE participant and 14.2% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than what was expected - 4,421 observed vs. 3,723 expected.

took.ACT

Test
`Region match`	took.ACT		Total
`Region match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	4029 2858 35.8 %	4038 5209 19.7 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	7233 8404 64.2 %	16485 15314 80.3 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	11262 11262 100 %	20523 20523 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=994.380 · df=1 · φ=0.177 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`Region match`	ap.exam		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	7407 6796 27.7 %	660 1271 13.2 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	19369 19980 72.3 %	4349 3738 86.8 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	26776 26776 100 %	5009 5009 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=466.818 · df=1 · φ=0.121 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by Region match
## W = 114872982, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`Region match`	cte.achievement			Total
`Region match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	4421 3723 30.1 %	2362 2445 24.5 %	1284 1899 17.2 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	10247 10945 69.9 %	7272 7189 75.5 %	6199 5584 82.8 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	14668 14668 100 %	9634 9634 100 %	7483 7483 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=446.352 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.119 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by Region match
## W = 64071056, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by Region match
## W = 64079482, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by Region match
## W = 39476814, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .143 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 32.1% vs 19.7% of individuals that graduated from a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 4,683 observed vs. 3,699 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .096 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 33.2% vs 23.2% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 2,333 observed vs. 1,781 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .277 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation - 38.8%.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 2,192 vs. 1,434 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that never attended post secondary had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduating - 33.2%.
These same individuals a significantly higher number have meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 2,333 observed vs. 1,781 expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 4 year college had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation - 9.8%.
These same individuals had a significantly lower number of people that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 700 observed vs. 1,810 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs two years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .259 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree or Less than Associate degree had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 31.1% of individuals with Associate degree and 33.0% for individuals with less than associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 1,218 observed vs. 993 expected.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received less than an Associate degree had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 6,090 observed vs. 4,684 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`Region match`	ps.grad		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	4683 3699 32.1 %	3384 4368 19.7 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	9890 10874 67.9 %	13828 12844 80.3 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	14573 14573 100 %	17212 17212 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=647.720 · df=1 · φ=0.143 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`Region match`	attended.ps		Total
`Region match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2333 1781 33.2 %	5734 6286 23.2 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	4686 5238 66.8 %	19032 18480 76.8 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	7019 7019 100 %	24766 24766 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=293.213 · df=1 · φ=0.096 · p=0.000

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`Region match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`Region match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	700 1810 9.8 %	306 416 18.7 %	17 16 26.2 %	94 617 3.9 %	62 57 27.6 %	2192 1434 38.8 %	2363 1934 31 %	2333 1781 33.2 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	6433 5323 90.2 %	1334 1224 81.3 %	48 49 73.8 %	2337 1814 96.1 %	163 168 72.4 %	3459 4217 61.2 %	5258 5687 69 %	4686 5238 66.8 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	7133 7133 100 %	1640 1640 100 %	65 65 100 %	2431 2431 100 %	225 225 100 %	5651 5651 100 %	7621 7621 100 %	7019 7019 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=2439.261 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.277 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`Region match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`Region match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	1218 993 31.1 %	754 2365 8.1 %	6090 4684 33 %	5 25 5 %	8067 8067 25.4 %
No match	2696 2921 68.9 %	8563 6952 91.9 %	12364 13770 67 %	95 75 95 %	23718 23718 74.6 %
Total	3914 3914 100 %	9317 9317 100 %	18454 18454 100 %	100 100 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=2126.158 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.259 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +7

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.031, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A smaller proportion of black individuals (22.7%) had meaningful employment in their high school region compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A smaller observed number of black individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 39 observed vs. 55 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`Region match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`Region match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	44 43 32.8 %	104 130 25.7 %	39 55 22.7 %	259 265 31.4 %	4865 4818 32.4 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	90 91 67.2 %	300 274 74.3 %	133 117 77.3 %	567 561 68.6 %	10144 10191 67.6 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	134 134 100 %	404 404 100 %	172 172 100 %	826 826 100 %	15009 15009 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=15.424 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.031 · p=0.004

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.080, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from urban/town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 23.4% compared to 33.2% in entirely rural and 33.8% in town/rural mix.
Individuals from urban/town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 605 observed vs. 828 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept taht the high school EDR is related to whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduating. Highlights include;

EDR 6E has a significantly lower proportion of individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs compared to the other EDRs - 29.7% vs. 33.4% in EDR 6W, and 33.6% in EDR 8. It also had a lower number of observed than expected - 1,799 observed vs. 1,946 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: No relationship

avg.wages.pct.state: The p-value does indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and the average wages in their high school county as a percent of the state average wages. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation were more likely graduated from counties with a lower percentage.

avg.cte.intensity: There is no relationship.

Dem_Desc

Test
`Region match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`Region match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	873 844 33.2 %	3833 3639 33.8 %	605 828 23.4 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	1755 1784 66.8 %	7504 7698 66.2 %	1975 1752 76.6 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	2628 2628 100 %	11337 11337 100 %	2580 2580 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=105.289 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.080 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`Region match`	edr			Total
`Region match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	1799 1946 29.7 %	1103 1061 33.4 %	2409 2304 33.6 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	4264 4117 70.3 %	2203 2245 66.6 %	4767 4872 66.4 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	6063 6063 100 %	3306 3306 100 %	7176 7176 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=25.940 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.040 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by Region match
## W = 29138835, p-value = 0.01565
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by Region match
## W = 28923574, p-value = 0.001539
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by Region match
## W = 28986385, p-value = 0.9728
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .067 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation - 33.8% vs. 26.5% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation - 4,272 observed vs. 4,053 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .021 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly smaller proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs the year of graduation - 28.4% vs. 32.4% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 317 observed vs. 358 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can not reject the NULL hypothesis.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`Region match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`Region match`	N	Y	Total
Match	5247 5237 32.2 %	64 74 27.9 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	11069 11079 67.8 %	165 155 72.1 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	16316 16316 100 %	229 229 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=1.649 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.011 · p=0.199

pseo.participant

Test
`Region match`	pseo.participant		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	4272 4053 33.8 %	1039 1258 26.5 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	8353 8572 66.2 %	2881 2662 73.5 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	12625 12625 100 %	3920 3920 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=73.451 · df=1 · φ=0.067 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`Region match`	non.english.home		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	4994 4953 32.4 %	317 358 28.4 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	10436 10477 67.6 %	798 757 71.6 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	15430 15430 100 %	1115 1115 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=7.208 · df=1 · φ=0.021 · p=0.007

english.learner

Test
`Region match`	english.learner		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	5150 5138 32.2 %	161 173 29.9 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	10856 10868 67.8 %	378 366 70.1 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	16006 16006 100 %	539 539 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=1.168 · df=1 · φ=0.009 · p=0.280

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .109 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 38.4% vs 28.0% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 2,503 observed vs. 2,092 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .104 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 34.2% vs 21.0% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 4,758 observed vs. 4,465 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in one of the three EDRs and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation were likely to have taken more CTE courses.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .121 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 36.8% vs. 30.2% for CTE participant and 22.6% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than what was expected - 3,217 observed vs. 2,802 expected.

took.ACT

Test
`Region match`	took.ACT		Total
`Region match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	2503 2092 38.4 %	2808 3219 28 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	4014 4425 61.6 %	7220 6809 72 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	6517 6517 100 %	10028 10028 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=195.749 · df=1 · φ=0.109 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`Region match`	ap.exam		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	4758 4465 34.2 %	553 846 21 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	9153 9446 65.8 %	2081 1788 79 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	13911 13911 100 %	2634 2634 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=176.664 · df=1 · φ=0.104 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by Region match
## W = 34980986, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`Region match`	cte.achievement			Total
`Region match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	3217 2802 36.8 %	1301 1384 30.2 %	793 1124 22.6 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	5513 5928 63.2 %	3012 2929 69.8 %	2709 2378 77.4 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	8730 8730 100 %	4313 4313 100 %	3502 3502 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=241.440 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.121 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by Region match
## W = 21545072, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by Region match
## W = 21304810, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by Region match
## W = 7656821, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .035 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 33.9% vs 30.7% of individuals that graduated from a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 2,448 observed vs. 2,315 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .021 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 33.9% vs 31.6% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 1,202 observed vs. 1,137 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .188 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation - 45.8%.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 1,341 vs. 941 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that never attended post secondary had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduating - 33.9%.
These same individuals a significantly higher number have meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 1,202 observed vs. 1,137 expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that graduated from a private, 4 year college had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation - 13.3%.
These same individuals had a significantly lower number of people that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 183 observed vs. 443 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs seven years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .156 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree or Less than Associate degree had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 39.9% of individuals with Associate degree and 36.3% for individuals with less than associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 808 observed vs. 650 expected.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received less than an Associate degree had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 3,394 observed vs. 3004 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`Region match`	ps.grad		Total
`Region match`	0	1	Total
Match	2448 2315 33.9 %	2863 2996 30.7 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	4765 4898 66.1 %	6469 6336 69.3 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	7213 7213 100 %	9332 9332 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=19.680 · df=1 · φ=0.035 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`Region match`	attended.ps		Total
`Region match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	1202 1137 33.9 %	4109 4174 31.6 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	2340 2405 66.1 %	8894 8829 68.4 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	3542 3542 100 %	13003 13003 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=6.858 · df=1 · φ=0.021 · p=0.009

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`Region match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`Region match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	928 1213 24.6 %	327 317 33.1 %	14 15 29.8 %	183 443 13.3 %	48 48 32 %	1341 941 45.8 %	1268 1196 34 %	1202 1137 33.9 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	2852 2567 75.4 %	662 672 66.9 %	33 32 70.2 %	1197 937 86.7 %	102 102 68 %	1590 1990 54.2 %	2458 2530 66 %	2340 2405 66.1 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	3780 3780 100 %	989 989 100 %	47 47 100 %	1380 1380 100 %	150 150 100 %	2931 2931 100 %	3726 3726 100 %	3542 3542 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=586.589 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.188 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`Region match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`Region match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	808 650 39.9 %	1102 1634 21.6 %	3394 3004 36.3 %	7 23 9.9 %	5311 5311 32.1 %
No match	1217 1375 60.1 %	3989 3457 78.4 %	5964 6354 63.7 %	64 48 90.1 %	11234 11234 67.9 %
Total	2025 2025 100 %	5091 5091 100 %	9358 9358 100 %	71 71 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=402.521 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.156 · p=0.000

Location match - Minnesota

Summary chart

The chart below provides the percentage of individuals in the dataset that had meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of their graduation, graduation year +2, and graduation year +7. The percentage of individuals does increase with each subsequent time X - 19.6% the year of gradation, 34.8% two years after graduation, and 56.6% seven years after graduation.

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +0

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in MN the year they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.062, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of black individuals (24.9%) had meaningful employment in Minnesota compared to AI, Asian/PI and White individuals.
A larger observed number of Black individuals had meaningful employment in Minnesota than what was expected - 186 individuals vs. 146 expected.
A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (27.8%) had meaningful employment in Minnesota compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in Minnesotathan what was expected - 762 observed vs. 537 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`MN match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`MN match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	79 78 19.8 %	224 209 21 %	186 146 24.9 %	762 537 27.8 %	6185 6467 18.7 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	319 320 80.2 %	842 857 79 %	561 601 75.1 %	1981 2206 72.2 %	26871 26589 81.3 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	398 398 100 %	1066 1066 100 %	747 747 100 %	2743 2743 100 %	33056 33056 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=147.914 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.062 · p=0.000

High school characteristic variables

Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 20.9% compared to 15.3% in entirely rural and 17.5% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 5,549 observed vs. 5,189 expected.

EDR: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that there may be a relationship between the EDR of an individuals high school and whether they have meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation. Highlights include;

EDR 8 has a significantly lower proportion of individuals that have meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation - 17.9% compared to 18.8% in EDR 6W and 22% in EDR 6E.
The observed number in EDR 8 is significantly lower - 3,008 observed vs. 3,284 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: No relationship

avg.cte.intensity: There is no relationship

Dem_Desc

Test
`MN match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`MN match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	841 1078 15.3 %	5549 5189 20.9 %	1046 1169 17.5 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	4671 4434 84.7 %	20976 21336 79.1 %	4927 4804 82.5 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	5512 5512 100 %	26525 26525 100 %	5973 5973 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=111.928 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.054 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`MN match`	edr			Total
`MN match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	3051 2716 22 %	1377 1436 18.8 %	3008 3284 17.9 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	10833 11168 78 %	5961 5902 81.2 %	13780 13504 82.1 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	13884 13884 100 %	7338 7338 100 %	16788 16788 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=83.179 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.047 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by MN match
## W = 112143313, p-value = 0.07123
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by MN match
## W = 117755802, p-value = 1.51e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by MN match
## W = 111481432, p-value = 0.1357
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation and if the individual has limited english proficiency. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .024 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that had limited english proficiency had meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation - 22.2% vs. 16.0% for individuals that did not have limited english proficiency.
A significantly larger number of individuals with limited english proficiency worked in Minnesota than expected - 179 observed vs. 130 expected.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .107 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation - 19.0% vs. 10.7% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation - 4,743 observed vs. 4,027 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesotathe year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .056 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation - 22.8% vs. 15.5% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 756 observed vs. 536 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .032 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 21.1% vs. 15.9% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 437 observed vs. 334 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`MN match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`MN match`	N	Y	Total
Match	7217 7279 19.4 %	219 157 27.3 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	29992 29930 80.6 %	582 644 72.7 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	37209 37209 100 %	801 801 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=30.951 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.029 · p=0.000

pseo.participant

Test
`MN match`	pseo.participant		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	5697 4853 23 %	1739 2583 13.2 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	19108 19952 77 %	11466 10622 86.8 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	24805 24805 100 %	13205 13205 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=525.091 · df=1 · φ=0.118 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`MN match`	non.english.home		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	6534 6792 18.8 %	902 644 27.4 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	28182 27924 81.2 %	2392 2650 72.6 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	34716 34716 100 %	3294 3294 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=139.606 · df=1 · φ=0.061 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`MN match`	english.learner		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	6907 7033 19.2 %	529 403 25.7 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	29041 28915 80.8 %	1533 1659 74.3 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	35948 35948 100 %	2062 2062 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=51.002 · df=1 · φ=0.037 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesotathe year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .132 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 23.0% vs 12.7% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 2,917 observed vs. 2,046 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .087 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 17.5% vs 8.8% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 5,637 observed vs. 5,192 expected.

total.cte.courses.taken: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota and the number of CTE courses an individual has taken. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota more likely had taken more CTE courses.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .085 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 19.2% vs. 15.0% for CTE participant and 11.6% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota than what was expected - 3,432 observed vs. 2,887 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA math score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation if their MCA-Math score was lower.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA reading score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation if their MCA-reading score was lower.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA science score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation if their MCA-science score was lower.

took.ACT

Test
`MN match`	took.ACT		Total
`MN match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	3503 2461 27.8 %	3933 4975 15.5 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	9077 10119 72.2 %	21497 20455 84.5 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	12580 12580 100 %	25430 25430 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=818.924 · df=1 · φ=0.147 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`MN match`	ap.exam		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	6812 6262 21.3 %	624 1174 10.4 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	25198 25748 78.7 %	5376 4826 89.6 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	32010 32010 100 %	6000 6000 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=379.471 · df=1 · φ=0.100 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by MN match
## W = 134458374, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`MN match`	cte.achievement			Total
`MN match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	4122 3486 23.1 %	2017 2187 18 %	1297 1763 14.4 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	13697 14333 76.9 %	9163 8993 82 %	7714 7248 85.6 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	17819 17819 100 %	11180 11180 100 %	9011 9011 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=313.771 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.091 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by MN match
## W = 78473060, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by MN match
## W = 78424684, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by MN match
## W = 52253072, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post-secondary

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and accept that whether an individual attends a post-secondary institution within the first year of graduating high school is related to whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota. However, the v-score is only .135 so it explains little of the variance. Some highlights included;

Individuals that do attend post-secondary but not within the first year AND individuals that never attend post-secondary have a significantly higher proportion of individuals that have meaningful employment in the same county as their high school - 28.1% and 28.2% respectively.

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad

Test
`MN match`	attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad			Total
`MN match`	Attended but not first year	Attended first year after HS	Never attended PS	Total
Match	523 364 28.1 %	4453 5367 16.2 %	2460 1705 28.2 %	7436 7436 19.6 %
No match	1340 1499 71.9 %	22980 22066 83.8 %	6254 7009 71.8 %	30574 30574 80.4 %
Total	1863 1863 100 %	27433 27433 100 %	8714 8714 100 %	38010 38010 100 %
χ²=695.147 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.135 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +2

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in MN two years after they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.046, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A larger proportion of black individuals (39.8%) had meaningful employment in their high school EDR compared to AI, Asian/PI and White individuals.
A larger observed number of Black individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 214 individuals vs. 187 expected.
A larger proportion of hispanic individuals (42.2%) had meaningful employment in their high school EDR compared to all other races/ethnicities.
A larger observed number of hispanic individuals had meaningful employment in the same EDR as their high school than what was expected - 871 observed vs. 717 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`MN match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`MN match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	88 108 28.3 %	290 305 33.1 %	214 187 39.8 %	871 717 42.2 %	9587 9733 34.2 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	223 203 71.7 %	586 571 66.9 %	324 351 60.2 %	1192 1346 57.8 %	18410 18264 65.8 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	311 311 100 %	876 876 100 %	538 538 100 %	2063 2063 100 %	27997 27997 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=66.684 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.046 · p=0.000

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship. The Cramer’s V^2 value is only 0.045, indicating that the relationships are weak. Highlights from the table include;

Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly higher proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation - 36.0% compared to 30% in entirely rural and 33.7% in urban/town/rural mix.
Individuals from town/rural mix high schools had a significantly lower observed number of individuals that had meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation - 7,939 observed vs. 7,661 expected.

EDR 8 has a significantly lower proportion of individuals that have meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation - 32.1% compared to 34.1% in EDR 6W and 38.3% in EDR 6E.
The observed number in EDR 8 is significantly lower - 4,481 observed vs. 4,856 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: The p-values indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge that there may be a relationship between the average unemployment rate of an individuals high school county and whether they have meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation had a higher unemployment rate in their high school county.

avg.wages.pct.state: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge that there may be a relationship between the average wages in the high school county as a percent of the state average wages and whether they have meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation had higher avg wages as a percentage of the state average in their high school counties.

avg.cte.intensity: There is no relationship

Dem_Desc

Test
`MN match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`MN match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	1418 1645 30 %	7939 7661 36 %	1693 1744 33.7 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	3313 3086 70 %	14098 14376 64 %	3324 3273 66.3 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	4731 4731 100 %	22037 22037 100 %	5017 5017 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=65.659 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.045 · p=0.000

EDR

Test
`MN match`	edr			Total
`MN match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	4467 4053 38.3 %	2102 2141 34.1 %	4481 4856 32.1 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	7190 7604 61.7 %	4057 4018 65.9 %	9488 9113 67.9 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	11657 11657 100 %	6159 6159 100 %	13969 13969 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=110.536 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.059 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by MN match
## W = 118797004, p-value = 5.389e-08
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by MN match
## W = 117448542, p-value = 0.0002099
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by MN match
## W = 110921306, p-value = 0.9323
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can NOT reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and if the individual has limited english proficiency.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .127 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO classes had meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation - 39.0% vs. 26.1% for individuals that did participate in PSEO.
A significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT participate in PSEO had meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation - 8,345 observed vs. 7,441 expected.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .033 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in Minnesota the year of graduation - 40.1% vs. 34.3% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 1,039 observed vs. 902 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .025 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A larger proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 40.0% vs. 34.5% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 631 observed vs. 549 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`MN match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`MN match`	N	Y	Total
Match	10837 10850 34.7 %	213 200 37 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	20373 20360 65.3 %	362 375 63 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	31210 31210 100 %	575 575 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=1.240 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.006 · p=0.265

pseo.participant

Test
`MN match`	pseo.participant		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	8345 7441 39 %	2705 3609 26.1 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	13059 13963 61 %	7676 6772 73.9 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	21404 21404 100 %	10381 10381 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=514.827 · df=1 · φ=0.127 · p=0.000

non.english.home

Test
`MN match`	non.english.home		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	10011 10148 34.3 %	1039 902 40.1 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	19180 19043 65.7 %	1555 1692 59.9 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	29191 29191 100 %	2594 2594 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=34.588 · df=1 · φ=0.033 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`MN match`	english.learner		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	10419 10501 34.5 %	631 549 40 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	19787 19705 65.5 %	948 1030 60 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	30206 30206 100 %	1579 1579 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=19.549 · df=1 · φ=0.025 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .172 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 45.9% vs 28.7% of individuals that did take the ACT.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the ACT had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 5,164 observed vs. 3,915 expected.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .135 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT take the ap exam had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 37.5% vs 19.9% of individuals that did take the AP exam.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 10,054 observed vs. 9.309 expected.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .120 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 40.0% vs. 33.9% for CTE participant and 25.6% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota than what was expected - 5,865 observed vs. 5,099 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA math score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation if their MCA-Math score was lower.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA reading score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation if their MCA-reading score was lower.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA science score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation if their MCA-science score was lower.

took.ACT

Test
`MN match`	took.ACT		Total
`MN match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	5164 3915 45.9 %	5886 7135 28.7 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	6098 7347 54.1 %	14637 13388 71.3 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	11262 11262 100 %	20523 20523 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=944.869 · df=1 · φ=0.172 · p=0.000

ap.exam

Test
`MN match`	ap.exam		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	10054 9309 37.5 %	996 1741 19.9 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	16722 17467 62.5 %	4013 3268 80.1 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	26776 26776 100 %	5009 5009 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=579.782 · df=1 · φ=0.135 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by MN match
## W = 136762198, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`MN match`	cte.achievement			Total
`MN match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	5865 5099 40 %	3268 3349 33.9 %	1917 2601 25.6 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	8803 9569 60 %	6366 6285 66.1 %	5566 4882 74.4 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	14668 14668 100 %	9634 9634 100 %	7483 7483 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=455.317 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.120 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by MN match
## W = 78692032, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by MN match
## W = 78628231, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by MN match
## W = 48871482, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .160 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 43.0% vs 27.8% of individuals that graduated from a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 6,272 observed vs. 5,066 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .092 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 43.0% vs 32.4% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 3,019 observed vs. 2,440 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .309 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation - 50.8%.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 2,868 vs. 1,965 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that never attended post secondary had meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduating - 43.0%.
These same individuals had a significantly higher number have meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 3,019 observed vs. 2,440 expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 4 year college had meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation - 16.3%.
These same individuals had a significantly lower number of people that had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 1,160 observed vs. 2,480 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota two years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .288 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree or Less than Associate degree had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 43.2% of individuals with Associate degree and 43.8% for individuals with less than associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in Minnesota than expected - 1,692 observed vs. 1,361 expected.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received less than an Associate degree had meaningful employment in Minnesota than expected - 8,075 observed vs. 6,416 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`MN match`	ps.grad		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	6272 5066 43 %	4778 5984 27.8 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	8301 9507 57 %	12434 11228 72.2 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	14573 14573 100 %	17212 17212 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=811.622 · df=1 · φ=0.160 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`MN match`	attended.ps		Total
`MN match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	3019 2440 43 %	8031 8610 32.4 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	4000 4579 57 %	16735 16156 67.6 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	7019 7019 100 %	24766 24766 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=269.688 · df=1 · φ=0.092 · p=0.000

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`MN match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`MN match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	1160 2480 16.3 %	424 570 25.9 %	27 23 41.5 %	174 845 7.2 %	105 78 46.7 %	2868 1965 50.8 %	3273 2649 42.9 %	3019 2440 43 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	5973 4653 83.7 %	1216 1070 74.1 %	38 42 58.5 %	2257 1586 92.8 %	120 147 53.3 %	2783 3686 49.2 %	4348 4972 57.1 %	4000 4579 57 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	7133 7133 100 %	1640 1640 100 %	65 65 100 %	2431 2431 100 %	225 225 100 %	5651 5651 100 %	7621 7621 100 %	7019 7019 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=3038.843 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.309 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`MN match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`MN match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	1692 1361 43.2 %	1276 3239 13.7 %	8075 6416 43.8 %	7 35 7 %	11050 11050 34.8 %
No match	2222 2553 56.8 %	8041 6078 86.3 %	10379 12038 56.2 %	93 65 93 %	20735 20735 65.2 %
Total	3914 3914 100 %	9317 9317 100 %	18454 18454 100 %	100 100 100 %	31785 31785 100 %
χ²=2639.397 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.288 · p=0.000

Cross tabs - Time X = grad year +7

Demographic variables

Race/Ethnicity: The crosstabs indicate a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in MN seven years after they graduate and the individual’s race/ethnicity. The p-value was 0, however the Cramer’s V^2 value was 0.050, indicating a weak association. Highlights in the table include;

A higher proportion of white individuals (57.3%) had meaningful employment in Minnesota compared to all other races and ethnicities.
A larger observed number of white individuals had meaningful employment in Minnesota than what was expected - 8,606 individuals vs. 8,493 expected.

Race/Ethnicity

Test
`MN match`	RaceEthnicity					Total
`MN match`	AI	Asian/PI	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Match	59 76 44 %	214 229 53 %	80 97 46.5 %	403 467 48.8 %	8606 8493 57.3 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	75 58 56 %	190 175 47 %	92 75 53.5 %	423 359 51.2 %	6403 6516 42.7 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	134 134 100 %	404 404 100 %	172 172 100 %	826 826 100 %	15009 15009 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=41.758 · df=4 · Cramer’s V=0.050 · p=0.000

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: The p-value indicates that we can NOT reject the null hypothesis and acknowledge that the variables may have a relationship.

EDR 8 has a significantly lower proportion of individuals that have meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation - 51.3% compared to 55.9% in EDR 6W and 63.2% in EDR 6E.
The observed number in EDR 8 is significantly lower - 3,684 observed vs. 4,061 expected.

avg.unemployment.rate: The p-values indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge that there may be a relationship between the average unemployment rate of an individuals high school county and whether they have meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation had a higher unemployment rate in their high school county.

avg.wages.pct.state: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge that there may be a relationship between the average wages in the high school county as a percent of the state average wages and whether they have meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation. The boxplot shows that individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation had higher avg wages as a percentage of the state average in their high school counties.

avg.cte.intensity: The p-value indicates that we can NOT reject the NULL hypothesis.

Dem_Desc

Test
`MN match`	Dem_Desc			Total
`MN match`	Entirely rural	Town/rural mix	Urban/town/rural mix	Total
Match	1441 1487 54.8 %	6426 6415 56.7 %	1495 1460 57.9 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	1187 1141 45.2 %	4911 4922 43.3 %	1085 1120 42.1 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	2628 2628 100 %	11337 11337 100 %	2580 2580 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=5.273 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.018 · p=0.072

EDR

Test
`MN match`	edr			Total
`MN match`	EDR 6E- Southwest Central	EDR 6W- Upper Minnesota Valley	EDR 8 - Southwest	Total
Match	3831 3431 63.2 %	1847 1871 55.9 %	3684 4061 51.3 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	2232 2632 36.8 %	1459 1435 44.1 %	3492 3115 48.7 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	6063 6063 100 %	3306 3306 100 %	7176 7176 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=188.675 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.107 · p=0.000

avg.unemployment.rate

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.unemp.rate by MN match
## W = 37190732, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.wages.pct.state

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.wages.pct.state by MN match
## W = 36594150, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

avg.cte.intensity

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  avg.cte.intensity by MN match
## W = 33047488, p-value = 0.116
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and if the individual has limited english proficiency. However, the Cramer’s v-score was only .032 inidicating that this variable does not explain muh variance. Highlights include;

A significantly lower percentage of individuals with limited english proficiency had meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation - 43.2% vs. 56.8% for individuals with no limited english proficiency.
This same group had a significant difference between observed and expected - 99 observed vs. 130 expected.

pseo.participant: The p-value indicates that we can NOT reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether they participated in PSEO classes.

non.english.home: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .040 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly smaller proportion of individuals where english wasn’t the primary language at home had meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation - 49.1% vs. 57.1% for individuals where English was the primary language at home.
The observed vs expected was also significantly different for this group - 548 observed vs. 631 expected.

english.learner: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the individual had someone in their home where english wasn’t the primary language. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .045 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A smaller proportion of individuals categorized as english learners had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 44.3% vs. 57.0% of individuals not designated as english learners.
This same group had a larger number of individuals that expected - 239 observed vs. 305 expected.

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator

Test
`MN match`	LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator		Total
`MN match`	N	Y	Total
Match	9263 9232 56.8 %	99 130 43.2 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	7053 7084 43.2 %	130 99 56.8 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	16316 16316 100 %	229 229 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=16.309 · df=1 · Cramer’s V=0.032 · p=0.000

pseo.participant

Test
`MN match`	pseo.participant		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	7111 7144 56.3 %	2251 2218 57.4 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	5514 5481 43.7 %	1669 1702 42.6 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	12625 12625 100 %	3920 3920 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=1.425 · df=1 · φ=0.009 · p=0.233

non.english.home

Test
`MN match`	non.english.home		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	8814 8731 57.1 %	548 631 49.1 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	6616 6699 42.9 %	567 484 50.9 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	15430 15430 100 %	1115 1115 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=26.594 · df=1 · φ=0.040 · p=0.000

english.learner

Test
`MN match`	english.learner		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	9123 9057 57 %	239 305 44.3 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	6883 6949 43 %	300 234 55.7 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	16006 16006 100 %	539 539 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=33.485 · df=1 · φ=0.045 · p=0.000

High school accomplishments

took.ACT: The p-value indicates that we can NOT reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT.

ap.exam: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the individual took the ACT. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .036 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly smaller proportion of individuals that did take the ap exam had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 52.4% vs 57.4% of individuals that did NOT take the AP exam.
a significantly smaller number of individuals that did take the AP exam had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 1,381 observed vs. 1,490 expected.

cte.achievement: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and the level of CTE achievement. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .084 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that was either a CTE concentrator, or completor had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 59.9% vs. 56.0% for CTE participant and 49.1% for individuals with no CTE.
This same group had a high number of individuals with meaningful employment in Minnesota than what was expected - 5,227 observed vs. 4,940 expected.

MCA.M: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA math score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation if their MCA-Math score was lower.

MCA.R: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA reading score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation if their MCA-reading score was lower.

MCA.S: The p-value indicates we can reject the null hypothesis and accept that there’s a relationship between whether an individual works in Minnesota and their MCA science score. The boxplot shows that individuals were more likely to have meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation if their MCA-science score was lower.

took.ACT

Test
`MN match`	took.ACT		Total
`MN match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	3625 3688 55.6 %	5737 5674 57.2 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	2892 2829 44.4 %	4291 4354 42.8 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	6517 6517 100 %	10028 10028 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=3.980 · df=1 · φ=0.016 · p=0.046

ap.exam

Test
`MN match`	ap.exam		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	7981 7872 57.4 %	1381 1490 52.4 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	5930 6039 42.6 %	1253 1144 47.6 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	13911 13911 100 %	2634 2634 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=21.818 · df=1 · φ=0.036 · p=0.000

total.cte.courses.taken

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  total.cte.courses.taken by MN match
## W = 37518758, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

cte.achievement

Test
`MN match`	cte.achievement			Total
`MN match`	CTE Concentrator or Completor	CTE Participant	No CTE	Total
Match	5227 4940 59.9 %	2414 2441 56 %	1721 1982 49.1 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	3503 3790 40.1 %	1899 1872 44 %	1781 1520 50.9 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	8730 8730 100 %	4313 4313 100 %	3502 3502 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=118.048 · df=2 · Cramer’s V=0.084 · p=0.000

MCA.M

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.M by MN match
## W = 26666096, p-value = 3.268e-15
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.R

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.R by MN match
## W = 26438648, p-value = 1.887e-14
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

MCA.S

## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  MCA.S by MN match
## W = 9262124, p-value = 7.747e-11
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Post secondary

ps.grad: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the individual graduated from a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .068 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that did graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 59.5% vs 52.8% of individuals that graduated from a post-secondary institution.
a significantly larger number of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 5,557 observed vs. 5,281 expected.

attended.ps: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .074 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly smaller proportion of individuals that did NOT attend post-secondary had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 49.6% vs 58.5% of individuals that attended a post-secondary institution.
a significantly smaller number of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs - 1,757 observed vs. 2,004 expected.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the individual attended a post-secondary institution. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .120 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

A significantly larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a public, 2-year institutions (code 4) had meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation - 66.9%.
This same group of individuals had more people with meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs than expected - 1,960 vs. 1,659 expected.
A significantly larger proportion of individuals that attended a private for-profit, 4-year institution had meaningful employment seven yars after graduation - 74%. 111 were observed and 85 were expected.
A significantly lower proportion of individuals that never attended post-secondary had meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation - 49.6%. 1,757 observed vs. 2,004 expected.

highest.cred.level: The p-value indicates that we can reject the NULL hypothesis and acknowledge there may be a relationship between whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota seven years after graduation and whether the highest credential an individual received. However, the Cramer’s V^2 value is only .070 indicating a weak relationship. Highlights from the table include;

a significantly larger proportion of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in Minnesota - 65.6% of individuals with Associate degree.
a significantly larger number of individuals that received an Associate degree had meaningful employment in Minnesota than expected - 1,329 observed vs. 1,146 expected.

ps.grad

Test
`MN match`	ps.grad		Total
`MN match`	0	1	Total
Match	3805 4081 52.8 %	5557 5281 59.5 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	3408 3132 47.2 %	3775 4051 40.5 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	7213 7213 100 %	9332 9332 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=76.207 · df=1 · φ=0.068 · p=0.000

attended.ps

Test
`MN match`	attended.ps		Total
`MN match`	No	Yes	Total
Match	1757 2004 49.6 %	7605 7358 58.5 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	1785 1538 50.4 %	5398 5645 41.5 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	3542 3542 100 %	13003 13003 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=89.027 · df=1 · φ=0.074 · p=0.000

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

Test
`MN match`	ps.grad.InstitutionSector								Total
`MN match`	1	10	11	2	3	4	Did not grad	Never attended ps	Total
Match	2126 2139 56.2 %	595 560 60.2 %	27 27 57.4 %	705 781 51.1 %	111 85 74 %	1960 1659 66.9 %	2081 2108 55.9 %	1757 2004 49.6 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	1654 1641 43.8 %	394 429 39.8 %	20 20 42.6 %	675 599 48.9 %	39 65 26 %	971 1272 33.1 %	1645 1618 44.1 %	1785 1538 50.4 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	3780 3780 100 %	989 989 100 %	47 47 100 %	1380 1380 100 %	150 150 100 %	2931 2931 100 %	3726 3726 100 %	3542 3542 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=238.152 · df=7 · Cramer’s V=0.120 · p=0.000

highest.cred.level

Test
`MN match`	highest.cred.level				Total
`MN match`	Associate degree	Bachelor degree	Less than Associate Degree	Master degree or higher	Total
Match	1329 1146 65.6 %	2769 2881 54.4 %	5231 5295 55.9 %	33 40 46.5 %	9362 9362 56.6 %
No match	696 879 34.4 %	2322 2210 45.6 %	4127 4063 44.1 %	38 31 53.5 %	7183 7183 43.4 %
Total	2025 2025 100 %	5091 5091 100 %	9358 9358 100 %	71 71 100 %	16545 16545 100 %
χ²=82.162 · df=3 · Cramer’s V=0.070 · p=0.000

Summary

Okay, let’s summarize all of this analysis. Below are tables that indicate which variables were significant (p-value < .01).

We will group variables by their themes/labels, for example we will start with Demographic variables, and then summarize the High school characteristics, etc…..

Demographic variables

The race and ethnicity variable provided significant differences pretty consistently across time and place. A couple of interesting things about this variable, however, is that the race and ethnicity that experienced significant differences changes over time. For grad year +0, Hispanic and Black individuals had meaningful employment at a much higher rate than all other races. By grad year +7, that advantage decreased and there was much less difference. All other races were pretty equal. Interestingly, white individuals had an equal or higher rate of meaningful employment by grad year +7, especially at the MN level.

High school characteristic variables

Dem_Desc: At grad year +0, there was a higher proportion of individuals that graduated from a town/rural mix high school that had meaningful employment. By grad year +7, that separation was less significant. In particular, there became a higher proportion of individuals that graduated from a entirely rural high school that had meaningful employment.

EDR: For all grad years, EDR 6W consistently had a significantly lower proportion of individuals that had meaningful employment at the county and EDR level. However, that changed when looking at whether an individual had meaningful employment in any of the three EDRs where there was not much difference at all between the EDRs. Interestingly, when we get to the question of whether an individual has meaningful employment in Minnesota at any of the time X, EDR 8 - Southwest has a significantly lower proportion.

avg.unemployment.rate: This variable seems to have very little impact.

avg.wages.pct.state” This variable only seemed to have an impact when asking whether an individual had meaningful employment at the county and Minnesota level. When there was a relationship, the boxplots indicated that if the average wages of an individuals high school county made up a higher percentage of the state average then there was a higher liklihood that the individual had meaningful employment in their high school county and Minnesota.

avg.cte.intensity: This variable seems to have no impact.

Dem_Desc

EDR

avg.unemployment.rate

avg.wages.pct.state

avg.cte.intensity

High school enrollment variables

LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator: This variable was signifiacnt for grad year +0, but no other. It consistently showed that a larger proportion of individuals designated as having limited english proficiency had meaningful employment across all geographies.

PSEO.participant: This variable was consistently significantly different across time X and geographies. It always showed that a significantly larger proportion of individuals that participated in PSEO class(es) had meaningful employment across all geographies. The only time that wasn’t the case was at time X = grad year +7 and if having meaningful employment in Minnesota. There was no statistically significant difference at that time X and for all meaningful employment in Minnesota.

non.english.home: A larger proportion of individuals that were categorized as having a non-english speaking home had meaningful employment at the time of graduation across all geographies, and two years after graduation. However, by seven years after graduation, that changed. There was no statistical difference for individuals having meaningful employment at the County or EDR level. And by seven years after graduation, there was a larger proportion of individuals that were NOT designated as having a non-english speaker at home that had meaningful employment in one of the three EDRs and Minnesota.

english.learner: This is EXACTLY the same as non.english.home.

LimitedEnglishProficiency

PSEO.participant

non.english.home

english.learner

High school accomplishments variables

took.act: For nearly all geographies and time X, a larger proportion of individuals that did not take the ACT had meaningful employment in the measured geography compared to individuals that did take the ACT. However, there is no significant difference at seven years after graduation and individuals having meaningful employment in Minnesota.

ap.exam: For all geographies and Time X, a larger proportion of individuals that did not take the AP Exam had meaningful employment in those geographies.

total.cte.courses.taken: For all geographies and Time X, individuals that had meaningful employment had likely taken more CTE courses.

cte.achievement: For all geographies and Time X, individuals that had meaningful employment were more likely to have been a CTE concentrator or completor. In addition, being a CTE participator had a larger proportion than an individual that took no CTE courses.

MCA.M-S: For all geographies and Time X, individuals that had meaningful employment typically had lower MCA scores.

took.act

ap.exam

total.cte.courses.taken

cte.achievement

MCA.M

Post secondary variables

ps.grad: For ALMOST all geographies and Time X, a larger proportion of individuals that did NOT graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment. However, it switches when looking at meaningful employment at the Minnesota level. By seven years after graduation, a larger proportion of individuals that DID graduate from a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in Minnesota.

attended.ps: For ALMOST all geographies and Time X, a larger proportion of individuals that did NOT attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment. However, it switches when looking at meaningful employment at the Minnesota level. By seven years after graduation, a larger proportion of individuals that DID attend a post-secondary institution had meaningful employment in Minnesota.

ps.grad.InstitutionSector: For all geographies at two and seven years after graduation, a larger proportion of individuals that graduated from a 2-year public had meaningful employment in that geography.

highest.cred.level: For all geographies and Time X, a larger proportion of individuals that earned an associate’s degree had meaninful employment in that geography.

attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad

ps.grad

attended.ps

ps.grad.InstitutionSector

highest.cred.level

The analysis indicates that the following variables are the most influential in this dataset in answering where and when individuals have meaningful employment.

Demographic variables
- Race/ethnicity
High school characteristic variables
- Dem_Desc
- EDR
- avg.wages.pct.state
High school enrollment variables
- LimitedEnglishProficiencyIndicator
- PSEO.participant
- non.english.home
- english.learner
High school accomplishments
- took.act
- ap.exam
- total.cte.courses.taken
- cte.achievement
- MCA.M.R.S
Post-secondary
- attended.ps.within.first.year.hsgrad
- ps.grad
- attended.ps
- ps.grad.InstitutionSector
- highest.cred.level